Distance-based clustering methods categorize samples by optimizing a global criterion, finding ellipsoid clusters with roughly equal sizes. In contrast, density-based clustering techniques form clusters with arbitrary shapes and sizes by optimizing a local criterion. Most of these methods have several hyper-parameters, and their performance is highly dependent on the hyper-parameter setup. Recently, a Gaussian Density Distance (GDD) approach was proposed to optimize local criteria in terms of distance and density properties of samples. GDD can find clusters with different shapes and sizes without any free parameters. However, it may fail to discover the appropriate clusters due to the interfering of clustered samples in estimating the density and distance properties of remaining unclustered samples. Here, we introduce Adaptive GDD (AGDD), which eliminates the inappropriate effect of clustered samples by adaptively updating the parameters during clustering. It is stable and can identify clusters with various shapes, sizes, and densities without adding extra parameters. The distance metrics calculating the dissimilarity between samples can affect the clustering performance. The effect of different distance measurements is also analyzed on the method. The experimental results conducted on several well-known datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed AGDD method compared to the other well-known clustering methods.

Background: Low BMD is a common problem in major thalassaemia patient, but the use of DXA in chronic disease children with smaller bones, has some problems. Utilizing bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) helps in preventing this obstacle.  Testing the usefulness of this method in resolving the effects of bone size on BMD by comparing the BMD and BMAD of our thalassemics with results of our healthy ones, is our goal. Methods: Sample size was 110 cases with mean age of 9.6 ± 4.3 y/o and contained 73 males. Gauge of BMDs done by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Then BMAD was calculated. We did comparison of BMDs and BMADs results of thalassemic children with results of healthy Iranian pediatrics. Results: Mean of femoral BMD and BMAD, spinal BMD and BMAD was 0.579±0.134 g/cm2, 0.162±0.096 g/cm3, 0.563±0.118 g/cm2 and 0.107±0.015, respectively. When results of 9-18 patients compared with BMDs and BMADs of normal children, BMD of femur and BMD and BMAD of spine of patients found significantly lower (P-values,  0.003,  <0.001, <0.001, respectively). BMAD of femur of patients was not significantly different from normals. Conclusion: When bone mineral density of femur modifies by bone mineral apparent density formula, the remarkable difference between BMD of patients and normals; vanishes. Utilizing bone mineral apparent density helps in interpretation of femoral dual X-ray absorptiometry at least in thalassemic patients. As the results of vertebrae, after modification by calculating BMAD, remains significantly different, we cannot bring forward BMAD for mentioned aim in the spine of thalassemics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound and drying pretreatments on apparent density as well as modeling apparent density during deep-fat frying of potato slices. Ultrasound pretreatment was performed at 28 and 40 kHz for 15 min and drying pretreatment were conducted at 80oC for 8 and 15 min. Then, the frying process was done at 150, 170 and 190oC for 60, 120, 180 and 240 seconds. In order to model apparent density, experimental data were fitted with six empirical models proposed in this study. The results showed that apparent density of various samples decreased during deep-fat frying. In samples pretreated with ultrasound (28 and 40 kHz), the process time for 180 or 240 s, significantly reduced the apparent density compared to control samples. However, in samples pretreated with pre-drying (8 and 15 min), the decrease in apparent density was not statistically significant in comparison with control samples for the same process time. Furthermore, by increasing the temperature from 150 to 190oC, the reduction in apparent density increased. In addition, applied models were well fitted to experimental data with high R2 and low RMSE. Also, through multiple regression analysis, models with high R2 were proposed that are applicable to the different conditions in terms of time and temperature of the deep-fat frying process.

Deep-fat frying process of foods is one of the common cooking methods. The process causes some changes in physical properties of foods such as apparent density. In this study, the effect of process conditions (temperature and time) as well as ultrasound and microwave pretreatments on apparent density of potato strips during deep-fat frying process was investigated. Ultrasound pretreatment was performed at frequencies of 28 and 40 kHz and microwave pretreatment was conducted at powers of 3 and 6 W/g on the potato slices. Then, the frying process was done at 150, 170 and 190°C for 1, 2, 3 and 4 min. Results showed that ultrasound and microwave pretreatments significantly reduce the apparent density of potato strips compared to control samples. In addition, apparent density was significantly decreased by increasing ultrasound frequency, microwave power, process time and temperature. Furthermore, five models were presented in order to predict apparent density considering the process conditions.

The purpose of legal rules and procedures is to regulate social relationships and maintain order in a community to pave the way for economic and social improvements. Based on this, legal rules are to be adaptable to different contexts, and the legislator is to be well-aware of the realities of the society and observe them carefully. Rules and regulations concerning unauthorized transactions, which have been dealt with in the Iranian law since a long time ago, are established based on the assumption that supporting the owner would lead to the prevention of theft and fraud. Accordingly, the rules associated with unauthorized transactions set the principle that no one can grant nor sell anything that does not belong to them whatsoever. This principle has enjoyed great integrity and use in the past, now, however, the world of business calls for a change due to the transformed nature of trades and transactions which clings on the decision-making speed...

Apparent Density of paper is the most effective physical property which directly and indirectly affects most of the strength and optical properties of paper such as tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, light scattering coefficient as well as the bonded area between fibers. Since paper making variables influences the apparent density of paper, in this study, the influence of ace pulp freeness, and drying conditions are investigated. The influence of three freeness levels of 350,450, and 550 CSF, drying under strain and unstrained, drying temperatures of 100, 150, 200 e and drying pressure of 7 and 10 kg/cm2 are studied. The relationship between paper making variables and apparent density is developed. All measurements of apparent density were analyzed using Minitab 15 and regression model between independent variables was calculated. The results showed that both pulp freeness and drying temperature had the highest impact on apparent density and both factors increased the apparent density. The response of apparent density of the hand sheets dried at 2000C varied considerably and was analyzed thoroughly. Higher pressure increased apparent density of the sheets. The combined effect of variables is also considered. The combined effect of pulp freeness and drying temperature caused lignin softening and delamination. However, the influence of increasing the drying pressure for unrefined and less refined pulp is not significant. Furthermore, for unstrained drying, the influence of freeness on apparent density was more than strained drying. Manufacturing of more desirable quality papers would be possible considering the obtained results and the effect of Apparent Density on paper strength properties.

Polycrystalline NiFe2O4 was prepared by solid-state reaction from nanosize powders of NiO and Fe2O3 which were synthesized by wet chemical method. Enhancement of apparent density of the sample has been observed with the increase in sintering temperature and has great influence on the transport properties of NiFe2O4. Decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature confirms the semiconducting behavior of the prepared ferrites. Also, it was found that the value of resistivity at room temperature decreased with the increase in sintering temperature. Variation of activation energy has been found for different sintering temperatures. Dielectric constant shows the normal behavior of the ferrite materials which can be explained on the basis of Koops’ two-layer model and Maxwell-Wagner polarization theory. Also, the increased value of dielectric constant (k) has been observed with the increase in sintering temperature.

This paper presents an experimental study on interaction effects of apparent density and heat transfer charactristics of metal powder by Direct Metal Laser Sintering device which is developed at K. N. Toosi university of technology. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a direct fabrication of part through layer by layer powder deposition and successive laser beam irradiation. One of the important properties of the SLM is thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the metal powder. In this paper, thermal conductivity and diffusivity of metal powder with various apparent densities were studied. According to the method of measuring (the difference between two temperatures), The tests showed the dependency of thermal properties to metal powder apparent density. Variations in apparent density was established through the pressure applied to the raw powder bed. This study was performed between apparent density of 44.75% to 56.4% compared to the density of pure iron. Comparing the samples which is produced in different densities, it is concluded that the pressure applied to the raw powder bed had an optimum point of arrest. In fact, the best quality of the manufactured parts, in density of about 46% was obtained.

Blended films of polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide reinforced with CuCl2.2H2O (10–50 wt%) were prepared using the solution casting technique to investigate the impact of salt concentration on structural, thermal, mechanical, and physical properties. Experimental results revealed that the thermal conductivity coefficient initially increased with rising salt content, then decreased at intermediate concentrations, and subsequently increased again at higher salt ratios. This non-linear trend suggests structural modifications due to interactions between PVA, PEO, and CuCl2.2H2O, which altered the films’ internal morphology. For mechanical properties, irregular behavior was observed in hardness, impact resistance, and tensile strength as the salt ratio increased. Fracture energy and impact toughness exhibited inconsistent trends, while elongation at break fluctuated unpredictably, reflecting changes in the films’ flexibility and structural cohesion. Physically, the true density of the films initially decreased and then increased with higher salt content. Apparent porosity first declined but later rose irregularly, whereas water absorption decreased initially before increasing steadily with salt addition. These trends indicate that CuCl2.2H2O influences polymer network formation, potentially enhancing or disrupting intermolecular bonds depending on its concentration. The study confirmed chemical interactions between PVA, PEO, and CuCl2.2H2O, which directly affected the films’ properties. The non-linear relationship between property and salt concentration highlights the need for further optimization studies to determine ideal ratios for specific practical applications.

Polycrystalline NiFe2O4 was prepared by solid state reaction from nano size powders of NiO and Fe2O3 which were synthesized by wet chemical method. Enhancement of apparent density of the sample has been observed with the increase in sintering temperature and has great influence on the transport properties of NiFe2O4. Decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature confirms the semiconducting behavior of the prepared ferrites. Also it was found that the value of resistivity at room temperature decreased with the increase in sintering temperature. Variation of activation energy has been found for different sintering temperatures. Dielectric constant shows the normal behavior of the ferrite materials which can be explained on the basis of Koop’s two-layer model and Maxwell-Wagner polarization theory. Also the increased value of dielectric constant (κ) has been observed with the increase in sintering temperature.